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| 资料信息 | | 资料名称 | 模拟和数字电子基础 （英文）
Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits | | 原创/转载 | 转载 | | 语种 | 英语 | | 格式 | PDF | | 版本号 | 无 | | 大小 | 8.2M | | 描述 |
contents
Material marked with WWW appears on the Internet (please see Preface for details).
Preface ......................................................................................... xvii
Approach ............................................................................ xvii
Overview ............................................................................ xix
Course Organization ............................................................. xx
Acknowledgments ................................................................ xxi
c h a p t e r 1 The Circuit Abstraction ......................................... 3
1.1 The Power of Abstraction ...................................................... 3
1.2 The Lumped Circuit Abstraction ............................................. 5
1.3 The Lumped Matter Discipline ............................................... 9
1.4 Limitations of the Lumped Circuit Abstraction .......................... 13
1.5 Practical Two-Terminal Elements ............................................ 15
1.5.1 Batteries ................................................................ 16
1.5.2 Linear Resistors ...................................................... 18
1.5.3 Associated Variables Convention ............................... 25
1.6 Ideal Two-Terminal Elements ................................................ 29
1.6.1 Ideal Voltage Sources, Wires, and Resistors .................. 30
1.6.2 Element Laws ........................................................ 32
1.6.3 The Current Source Another Ideal Two-Terminal
Element ................................................................ 33
1.7 Modeling Physical Elements ................................................... 36
1.8 Signal Representation ............................................................ 40
1.8.1 Analog Signals ....................................................... 41
1.8.2 Digital Signals Value Discretization ........................ 43
1.9 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 46
c h a p t e r 2 Resistive Networks ............................................... 53
2.1 Terminology ........................................................................ 54
2.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws ................................................................... 55
2.2.1 KCL ................................................................... 56
2.2.2 KVL ..................................................................... 60
2.3 Circuit Analysis: Basic Method ............................................... 66
2.3.1 Single-Resistor Circuits ............................................ 67
2.3.2 Quick Intuitive Analysis of Single-Resistor Circuits ........ 70
2.3.3 Energy Conservation ............................................... 71
2.3.4 Voltage and Current Dividers ................................... 73
2.3.5 A More Complex Circuit ......................................... 84
2.4 Intuitive Method of Circuit Analysis: Series and
Parallel Simplification ............................................................. 89
2.5 More Circuit Examples .......................................................... 95
2.6 Dependent Sources and the Control Concept ............................ 98
2.6.1 Circuits with Dependent Sources ............................... 102
WWW 2.7 A Formulation Suitable for a Computer Solution ....................... 107
2.8 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 108
c h a p t e r 3 Network Theorems .............................................. 119
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 119
3.2 The Node Voltage ................................................................ 119
3.3 The Node Method ................................................................ 125
3.3.1 Node Method: A Second Example ............................. 130
3.3.2 Floating Independent Voltage Sources ......................... 135
3.3.3 Dependent Sources and the Node Method ................... 139
WWW 3.3.4 The Conductance and Source Matrices ........................ 145
WWW 3.4 Loop Method ...................................................................... 145
3.5 Superposition ....................................................................... 145
3.5.1 Superposition Rules for Dependent Sources .................. 153
3.6 Thévenin’s Theorem and Norton’s Theorem ............................ 157
3.6.1 The Thévenin Equivalent Network ............................ 157
3.6.2 The Norton Equivalent Network ............................... 167
3.6.3 More Examples ...................................................... 171
3.7 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 177
c h a p t e r 4 Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits ................................ 193
4.1 Introduction to Nonlinear Elements ........................................ 193
4.2 Analytical Solutions .............................................................. 197
4.3 Graphical Analysis ................................................................ 203
4.4 Piecewise Linear Analysis ....................................................... 206
WWW 4.4.1 Improved Piecewise Linear Models for Nonlinear
Elements ............................................................... 214
4.5 Incremental Analysis ............................................................. 214
4.6 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 229
c h a p t e r 5 The Digital Abstraction .......................................... 243
5.1 Voltage Levels and the Static Discipline .................................... 245
5.2 Boolean Logic ...................................................................... 256
5.3 Combinational Gates ............................................................ 258
5.4 Standard Sum-of-Products Representation ................................ 261
5.5 Simplifying Logic Expressions ................................................ 262
5.6 Number Representation ......................................................... 267
5.7 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 274
c h a p t e r 6 The MOSFET Switch ........................................... 285
6.1 The Switch .......................................................................... 285
6.2 Logic Functions Using Switches .............................................. 288
6.3 The MOSFET Device and Its S Model ..................................... 288
6.4 MOSFET Switch Implementation of Logic Gates ...................... 291
6.5 Static Analysis Using the S Model ........................................... 296
6.6 The SR Model of the MOSFET .............................................. 300
6.7 Physical Structure of the MOSFET .......................................... 301
6.8 Static Analysis Using the SR Model ......................................... 306
6.8.1 Static Analysis of the NAND Gate Using the
SR Model .............................................................. 311
6.9 Signal Restoration, Gain, and Nonlinearity ............................... 314
6.9.1 Signal Restoration and Gain ..................................... 314
6.9.2 Signal Restoration and Nonlinearity ........................... 317
6.9.3 Buffer Transfer Characteristics and the Static
Discipline .............................................................. 318
6.9.4 Inverter Transfer Characteristics and the Static
Discipline .............................................................. 319
6.10 Power Consumption in Logic Gates ........................................ 320
WWW 6.11 Active Pullups ...................................................................... 321
6.12 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 322
c h a p t e r 7 The MOSFET Amplifier ........................................ 331
7.1 Signal Amplification .............................................................. 331
7.2 Review of Dependent Sources ................................................ 332
7.3 Actual MOSFET Characteristics .............................................. 335
7.4 The Switch-Current Source (SCS) MOSFET Model ................... 340
7.5 The MOSFET Amplifier ........................................................ 344
7.5.1 Biasing the MOSFET Amplifier ................................. 349
7.5.2 The Amplifier Abstraction and the Saturation
Discipline .............................................................. 352
7.6 Large-Signal Analysis of the MOSFET Amplifier ....................... 353
7.6.1 vIN Versus vOUT in the Saturation Region ................... 353
7.6.2 Valid Input and Output Voltage Ranges ..................... 356
7.6.3 Alternative Method for Valid Input and Output
Voltage Ranges ....................................................... 363
7.7 Operating Point Selection ...................................................... 365
7.8 Switch Unified (SU) MOSFET Model ...................................... 386
7.9 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 389
c h a p t e r 8 The Small-Signal Model ......................................... 405
8.1 Overview of the Nonlinear MOSFET Amplifier ......................... 405
8.2 The Small-Signal Model ......................................................... 405
8.2.1 Small-Signal Circuit Representation ........................... 413
8.2.2 Small-Signal Circuit for the MOSFET Amplifier ........... 418
8.2.3 Selecting an Operating Point ..................................... 420
8.2.4 Input and Output Resistance, Current and
Power Gain ........................................................... 423
8.3 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 447
c h a p t e r 9 Energy Storage Elements ....................................... 457
9.1 Constitutive Laws ................................................................. 461
9.1.1 Capacitors ............................................................. 461
9.1.2 Inductors ............................................................... 466
9.2 Series and Parallel Connections ............................................... 470
9.2.1 Capacitors ............................................................. 471
9.2.2 Inductors ............................................................... 472
9.3 Special Examples .................................................................. 473
9.3.1 MOSFET Gate Capacitance ..................................... 473
9.3.2 Wiring Loop Inductance .......................................... 476
9.3.3 IC Wiring Capacitance and Inductance ....................... 477
9.3.4 Transformers ......................................................... 478
9.4 Simple Circuit Examples ........................................................ 480
WWW 9.4.1 Sinusoidal Inputs .................................................... 482
9.4.2 Step Inputs ............................................................ 482
9.4.3 Impulse Inputs ....................................................... 488
WWW 9.4.4 Role Reversal ......................................................... 489
9.5 Energy, Charge, and Flux Conservation ................................... 489
9.6 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 492
c h a p t e r 1 0 First-Order Transients in Linear Electrical
Networks ..................................................................................... 503
10.1 Analysis of RC Circuits .......................................................... 504
10.1.1 Parallel RC Circuit, Step Input .................................. 504
10.1.2 RC Discharge Transient ........................................... 509
10.1.3 Series RC Circuit, Step Input ..................................... 511
10.1.4 Series RC Circuit, Square-Wave Input ........................ 515
10.2 Analysis of RL Circuits .......................................................... 517
10.2.1 Series RL Circuit, Step Input ..................................... 517
10.3 Intuitive Analysis .................................................................. 520
10.4 Propagation Delay and the Digital Abstraction .......................... 525
10.4.1 Definitions of Propagation Delays .............................. 527
10.4.2 Computing tpd from the SRC MOSFET Model ......... 529
10.5 State and State Variables ........................................................ 538
10.5.1 The Concept of State ............................................... 538
10.5.2 Computer Analysis Using the State Equation ............... 540
10.5.3 Zero-Input and Zero-State Response .......................... 541
WWW 10.5.4 Solution by Integrating Factors .................................. 544
10.6 Additional Examples ............................................................. 545
10.6.1 Effect of Wire Inductance in Digital Circuits ................. 545
10.6.2 Ramp Inputs and Linearity ....................................... 545
10.6.3 Response of an RC Circuit to Short Pulses and the
Impulse Response ................................................... 550
10.6.4 Intuitive Method for the Impulse Response ................... 553
10.6.5 Clock Signals and Clock Fanout ................................ 554
WWW 10.6.6 RC Response to Decaying Exponential ....................... 558
10.6.7 Series RL Circuit with Sine-Wave Input ...................... 558
10.7 Digital Memory .................................................................... 561
10.7.1 The Concept of Digital State ..................................... 561
10.7.2 An Abstract Digital Memory Element ......................... 562
10.7.3 Design of the Digital Memory Element ....................... 563
10.7.4 A Static Memory Element ........................................ 567
10.8 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 568
c h a p t e r 1 1 Energy and Power in Digital Circuits ..................... 595
11.1 Power and Energy Relations for a Simple RC Circuit .................. 595
11.2 Average Power in an RC Circuit ............................................. 597
11.2.1 Energy Dissipated During Interval T1 ......................... 599
11.2.2 Energy Dissipated During Interval T2 ......................... 601
11.2.3 Total Energy Dissipated ........................................... 603
11.3 Power Dissipation in Logic Gates ............................................ 604
11.3.1 Static Power Dissipation .......................................... 604
11.3.2 Total Power Dissipation .......................................... 605
11.4 NMOS Logic ....................................................................... 611
11.5 CMOS Logic ....................................................................... 611
11.5.1 CMOS Logic Gate Design ........................................ 616
11.6 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 618
c h a p t e r 1 2 Transients in Second-Order Circuits ...................... 625
12.1 Undriven LC Circuit .............................................................. 627
12.2 Undriven, Series RLC Circuit .................................................. 640
12.2.1 Under-Damped Dynamics ........................................ 644
12.2.2 Over-Damped Dynamics ......................................... 648
12.2.3 Critically-Damped Dynamics .................................... 649
12.3 Stored Energy in Transient, Series RLC Circuit .......................... 651
WWW 12.4 Undriven, Parallel RLC Circuit ................................................ 654
WWW 12.4.1 Under-Damped Dynamics ........................................ 654
WWW 12.4.2 Over-Damped Dynamics ......................................... 654
WWW 12.4.3 Critically-Damped Dynamics .................................... 654
12.5 Driven, Series RLC Circuit ..................................................... 654
12.5.1 Step Response ........................................................ 657
12.5.2 Impulse Response ................................................... 661
WWW 12.6 Driven, Parallel RLC Circuit .................................................... 678
WWW 12.6.1 Step Response ........................................................ 678
WWW 12.6.2 Impulse Response ................................................... 678
12.7 Intuitive Analysis of Second-Order Circuits ............................... 678
12.8 Two-Capacitor or Two-Inductor Circuits ................................. 684
12.9 State-Variable Method ........................................................... 689
WWW 12.10 State-Space Analysis .............................................................. 691
WWW 12.10.1 Numerical Solution ................................................. 691
WWW 12.11 Higher-Order Circuits ........................................................... 691
12.12 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 692
c h a p t e r 1 3 Sinusoidal Steady State: Impedance and
Frequency Response ...................................................................... 703
13.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 703
13.2 Analysis Using Complex Exponential Drive .............................. 706
13.2.1 Homogeneous Solution ........................................... 706
13.2.2 Particular Solution .................................................. 707
13.2.3 Complete Solution .................................................. 710
13.2.4 Sinusoidal Steady-State Response .............................. 710
13.3 The Boxes: Impedance .......................................................... 712
13.3.1 Example: Series RL Circuit ....................................... 718
13.3.2 Example: Another RC Circuit ................................... 722
13.3.3 Example: RC Circuit with Two Capacitors ................ 724
13.3.4 Example: Analysis of Small Signal Amplifier with
Capacitive Load ..................................................... 729
13.4 Frequency Response: Magnitude and Phase versus Frequency ...... 731
13.4.1 Frequency Response of Capacitors, Inductors,
and Resistors ......................................................... 732
13.4.2 Intuitively Sketching the Frequency Response of RC and
RL Circuits ............................................................ 737
WWW 13.4.3 The Bode Plot: Sketching the Frequency Response of
General Functions ................................................... 741
13.5 Filters ................................................................................. 742
13.5.1 Filter Design Example: Crossover Network .................. 744
13.5.2 Decoupling Amplifier Stages ..................................... 746
13.6 Time Domain versus Frequency Domain Analysis using
Voltage-Divider Example ....................................................... 751
13.6.1 Frequency Domain Analysis ..................................... 751
13.6.2 Time Domain Analysis ............................................ 754
13.6.3 Comparing Time Domain and Frequency Domain
Analyses ................................................................ 756
13.7 Power and Energy in an Impedance ......................................... 757
13.7.1 Arbitrary Impedance ............................................... 758
13.7.2 Pure Resistance ....................................................... 760
13.7.3 Pure Reactance ....................................................... 761
13.7.4 Example: Power in an RC Circuit .............................. 763
13.8 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 765
c h a p t e r 1 4 Sinusoidal Steady State: Resonance ....................... 777
14.1 Parallel RLC, Sinusoidal Response ........................................... 777
14.1.1 Homogeneous Solution ........................................... 778
14.1.2 Particular Solution .................................................. 780
14.1.3 Total Solution for the Parallel RLC Circuit .................. 781
14.2 Frequency Response for Resonant Systems ............................... 783
14.2.1 The Resonant Region of the Frequency Response .......... 792
14.3 Series RLC ........................................................................... 801
WWW 14.4 The Bode Plot for Resonant Functions ..................................... 808
14.5 Filter Examples ..................................................................... 808
14.5.1 Band-pass Filter ...................................................... 809
14.5.2 Low-pass Filter ...................................................... 810
14.5.3 High-pass Filter ...................................................... 814
14.5.4 Notch Filter ........................................................... 815
14.6 Stored Energy in a Resonant Circuit ........................................ 816
14.7 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 821
c h a p t e r 1 5 The Operational Amplifier Abstraction .................. 837
15.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 837
15.1.1 Historical Perspective ............................................... 838
15.2 Device Properties of the Operational Amplifier .......................... 839
15.2.1 The Op Amp Model ............................................... 839
15.3 Simple Op Amp Circuits ........................................................ 842
15.3.1 The Non-Inverting Op Amp ..................................... 842
15.3.2 A Second Example: The Inverting Connection ............. 844
15.3.3 Sensitivity .............................................................. 846
15.3.4 A Special Case: The Voltage Follower ......................... 847
15.3.5 An Additional Constraint: v+ − v− 0 ..................... 848
15.4 Input and Output Resistances ................................................. 849
15.4.1 Output Resistance, Inverting Op Amp ........................ 849
15.4.2 Input Resistance, Inverting Connection ....................... 851
15.4.3 Input and Output R For Non-Inverting Op Amp ......... 853
WWW 15.4.4 Generalization on Input Resistance ............................. 855
15.4.5 Example: Op Amp Current Source ............................ 855
15.5 Additional Examples ............................................................. 857
15.5.1 Adder ................................................................... 858
15.5.2 Subtracter .............................................................. 858
15.6 Op Amp RC Circuits ............................................................ 859
15.6.1 Op Amp Integrator ................................................. 859
15.6.2 Op Amp Differentiator ............................................ 862
15.6.3 An RC Active Filter ................................................. 863
15.6.4 The RC Active Filter Impedance Analysis ................. 865
WWW 15.6.5 Sallen-Key Filter ..................................................... 866
15.7 Op Amp in Saturation ........................................................... 866
15.7.1 Op Amp Integrator in Saturation ............................... 867
15.8 Positive Feedback .................................................................. 869
15.8.1 RC Oscillator ......................................................... 869
WWW 15.9 Two-Ports ........................................................................... 872
15.10 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 873
c h a p t e r 1 6 Diodes .............................................................. 905
16.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 905
16.2 Semiconductor Diode Characteristics ....................................... 905
16.3 Analysis of Diode Circuits ...................................................... 908
16.3.1 Method of Assumed States ........................................ 908
16.4 Nonlinear Analysis with RL and RC ........................................ 912
16.4.1 Peak Detector ......................................................... 912
16.4.2 Example: Clamping Circuit ...................................... 915
WWW 16.4.3 A Switched Power Supply using a Diode ..................... 918
WWW 16.5 Additional Examples ............................................................. 918
WWW 16.5.1 Piecewise Linear Example: Clipping Circuit ................. 918
WWW 16.5.2 Exponentiation Circuit ............................................ 918
WWW 16.5.3 Piecewise Linear Example: Limiter ............................. 918
WWW 16.5.4 Example: Full-Wave Diode Bridge ............................. 918
WWW 16.5.5 Incremental Example: Zener-Diode Regulator .............. 918
WWW 16.5.6 Incremental Example: Diode Attenuator ..................... 918
16.6 Summary and Exercises ......................................................... 919
a p p e n d i x a Maxwell’s Equations and the Lumped Matter
Discipline ..................................................................................... 927
A.1 The Lumped Matter Discipline ............................................... 927
A.1.1 The First Constraint of the Lumped Matter Discipline .... 927
A.1.2 The Second Constraint of the Lumped Matter
Discipline .............................................................. 930
A.1.3 The Third Constraint of the Lumped Matter
Discipline .............................................................. 932
A.1.4 The Lumped Matter Discipline Applied to Circuits ........ 933
A.2 Deriving Kirchhoff’s Laws ...................................................... 934
A.3 Deriving the Resistance of a Piece of Material ............................ 936
a p p e n d i x b Trigonometric Functions and Identities .................. 941
B.1 Negative Arguments ............................................................. 941
B.2 Phase-Shifted Arguments ....................................................... 942
B.3 Sum and Difference Arguments .............................................. 942
B.4 Products .............................................................................. 943
B.5 Half-Angle and Twice-Angle Arguments .................................. 943
B.6 Squares ............................................................................... 943
B.7 Miscellaneous ...................................................................... 943
B.8 Taylor Series Expansions ....................................................... 944
B.9 Relations to e j θ .................................................................... 944
a p p e n d i x c Complex Numbers ............................................. 947
C.1 Magnitude and Phase ............................................................ 947
C.2 Polar Representation ............................................................. 948
C.3 Addition and Subtraction ....................................................... 949
C.4 Multiplication and Division .................................................... 949
C.5 Complex Conjugate .............................................................. 950
C.6 Properties of e j θ ................................................................... 951
C.7 Rotation .............................................................................. 951
C.8 Complex Functions of Time ................................................... 952
C.9 Numerical Examples ............................................................. 952
a p p e n d i x d Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations ................. 957
Answers to Selected Problems ......................................................... 959
Figure Credits ............................................................................... 971
Index ........................................................................................... 973 | | 卷数 | 1 | | 备注 | 全英文的资料
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发表于 2010-3-11 21:00:27
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