飞机常用缺陷描述（中英双语）

tbaa319115 · 发表于 2015-12-24 20:58:24

现在很多公司要求维修记录双语填写，希望对大家有帮助

Use these terms to define andspecify defects:

常用以下术语来定义和描述缺陷

TERMS 术语	DEFINITIONS 定义	ASSOCIATEDTERMS 相关术语
Blister （鼓）包/气泡起泡	A portion of asurface that is lifted[隆起], and is caused by the separation of theouter layers of the parent material基材/母材 or the material that you applied. （材料）表面的隆起部分，这种缺陷是因基材外层材料或基材上敷涂/粘贴的材料分离而形成的。	Bubble（气泡/起泡）, Flaking [（片状）剥落（离）], Oxide formation（氧化形成）, Peeling [（片状）剥离（落）], Scale（鳞屑/皮屑）,Slag inclusion (weld)（夹杂）
Brittle 易碎/脆弱	A change in theelasticity or resilience of the parent material. The defect is usually causedby age, extreme cold, chemical action, or cold-working. 基材弹性发生改变，这种缺陷一般是由于材料老化、严寒、化学作用或冷作等原因引起的。	Cold worked hard (like an O-ring) 冷作硬化（如O形环）
Buckle 屈服	A large-scaledeformation of the original contour of a part that is usually caused bypressure. Possible causes are impacts with foreign objects, structuralstress, excessive localized heat, high pressure differentials, or a mixtureof these. 零件原有的外形轮廓发生了大范围的变形，这种损伤通常是受压力作用引起的，外来物的撞击、结构内应力、局部过度受热、过高的压差，或这些因素的综合作用都可能引起屈服	Ballooning（鼓胀）, Bend（弯曲）,Bulge（膨胀）, Crease（起皱/摺痕/皱痕）, Curl（卷曲）,Dent（凹陷/凹坑） (do not confusewith a small area defect 不要与小面积的缺陷混淆), Depression（凹陷）, Distortion（扭曲）, Elongation（拉伸）, Fold（折痕/褶皱）,Indentation（刻[压]痕/缺口）, Kink（纽绞）,Protrusion（隆起/突出）, Rupture[破裂/裂开](caused by excessive buckling 过度屈服引起的), Uneven（不平/不直）,Warp（翘曲）, or Wrinkle（起皱）
Burn 烧蚀	A fast,destructive, oxidizing effect that is usually caused by high temperatures oropen flame（明火）. A change in color is usually associated with this condition 通常由高温或明火所引起的一种快速的破坏性氧化作用，这种损伤通常伴随有颜色的改变。	Burn-out（烧毁）, Erosion（冲蚀/侵蚀）, Corrosion（腐蚀/锈蚀）,Guttered（融流）, Heat-check （热裂纹）, Heat deterioration（热变质）, Hole[（热）穿孔]，burnt(烧伤/烧坏), Hot Spot[过热点/局部过热], Overheat（过热）, or Oxidation（氧化）
Burnishing 磨光	To make a metalsurface smooth by a mechanical action, but without a significant decrease inthe material. You can find burnishing on a plain bearing surface. It ispossible to find surface discoloration（变色） near the outer edges of theburnishing. Burnishing that is caused by the operation of the equipment isnot dangerous, if the coverage approximates the load carrying surface andthere is no evidence of burns. 由于机械作用而使得金属表面变得光滑，但材料无明显减少，在滑动轴承表面可以看到磨光现象，在靠近磨光区域的外边缘可能看到表面的变色，如果磨光几乎覆盖整个承载面且没有任何的烧蚀缺陷，则因设备工作而引起的磨光并不是危险的。	Rub（磨擦）, Wear（磨损）
Burr 毛刺	A rough edge or asharp point on the edge or the mating surface of the parent material. 基材边缘或配合面上的毛边或尖锐点。
Chafing擦伤	Please see Gall磨伤orScratch划伤.
Chip碎片/碎屑	An edge that breaksaway

脱落

from the parentmaterial. A chip is usually caused when a foreign object hits the parentmaterial.
从基材上脱落的边缘材料，当基材受外来物的打击时通常会产生碎屑。
Break（破裂/裂开）, Nick（刻痕/缺口）,Notch spalling 凹痕剥落 (a chip broken away from a flatsurface 从平面上脱落的碎片)

Corrosion 腐蚀/锈蚀
Many small pitsthat can grow into a hole. The first sign of corrosion is usually a roughnessin the surface of the parent material.
很多可能发展成为孔洞的小凹坑。腐蚀的最初迹象通常是基材表面变粗糙。
Pit 凹坑/麻点

Crack 裂纹/裂缝
A separation ordiscontinuity of the parent material.
基材的分离或不连续。
Break（破裂/裂开）, Cold shut 不连续面(castings铸件), Crater 陷口（castings）, Fatigue damage 疲劳损伤, Fissure 裂缝/裂隙,Fracture 破裂/断裂, Lap 搭叠(forgings锻件), Rupture[破裂/裂开], Seam（裂缝）,Separation分离/分开, Slit（裂缝/裂口）, Tear撕裂

Crazing
细小裂纹/银纹/龟裂/网纹
Many small thincracks that are found in a painted, glazed上釉的, or baked-on烧硬layered surfaces. Crazing is only found in the surface material,not the parent material. The crazing is usually caused by temperaturedifferentials or deformation of the parent material.
在漆面、釉面或烧硬层表面看到的许多细小裂纹，这种细小裂纹只能在表面材料中看到，在基材中看不到，这种细小裂纹通常是由于温差或基材变形所引起。

Creep
蠕变
The slow andcontinuous distortion (plastic flow) of the parent material. Creep is usuallycaused by a constant stress that is applied to the parent material.
基材发生缓慢而连续的变形（塑性流动），蠕变通常是由作用在基材上的恒应力所引起的。

Deformation
变形
A change in shapeor dimension that can be caused gradually, or suddenly. An impact can causesudden deformation, creep can cause gradual deformation.
形状或尺寸的渐变或突变，撞击可引起形状或尺寸的突变，蠕变可引起形状或尺寸渐变。
Bend, Creep,Distortion

Dent 凹痕/凹陷
A smooth surfacedepression in the surface of the parent material. A dent is usually caused byimpact with a smooth, rounded object. In a dent, the parent material isdisplaced, but does not form a hole.
光滑的表面凹陷，凹痕通常是由于受到圆滑物体的撞击而产生的，凹痕处的基材发生了位移，但没有形成穿孔。
Peen锤头

Deviation
偏差
A condition thatcauses the component to be different than the manufacturer’s blueprint 蓝图.
使部件不同于厂家蓝图（设计图纸）状态。
Damage损伤, Defect缺陷, Flaw瑕疵, Imperfection不完美, Irregularity不规则

Discontinuity不连续
An interruptionin the correct physical structure or configuration of a component.
部件的正常物理结构或构形被打断。
Crack裂纹, Hole孔, Seam 缝隙, Cold shut不连续面, Lap搭叠

Distortion 变形
A twist扭曲, bend弯曲, or permanent strain永久拉伸 that causes theshape of the component to change.
部件形状的改变如扭曲、弯曲、拉伸等。
Bend弯曲, Deformation变形

Erosion 冲蚀
A surfaceimperfection缺陷that is caused by the slow, continuous

wearing away

磨损of the parent material. Erosion is usually caused by fineparticles that are suspended悬浮in a fast moving gas orliquid.
因基材发生缓慢而连续的磨损而造成的表面缺陷，冲蚀一般是由悬浮于高速运动的气体或液体中的微粒所造成的。

Fatigue疲劳
The sequentialfracture of a component that is caused by cyclical stress.
部件的最终断裂是受循环应力的作用引起的。
Crystallization结晶, Fretting磨损,Flaking（片状）剥落/剥离

Flaking
（片状）剥落/剥离
See Spalling

Fretting
磨蚀
The metal tometal wear that shows on parts, that is caused by low amplitude振幅vibrations(usually associated with close fitting parts).
零件上所展现出的金属对金属的磨损，也称为微振腐蚀，是由小振幅的振动所引起的，通常发生于紧配合零件。
Wear磨损, Galling 磨伤

Galling
磨伤（由摩擦产生的粗糙面）
咬住/卡滞/(轴承)因磨伤而卡死
A defect that iscaused when the component wears away. Galling is usually caused by a smallquantity of unwanted material that gets between two moving surfaces.
零件磨损后所形成的缺陷，通常是因两个运动面之间存在少量的有害材料所引起的。
Pickup （金属）粘接

Gouge凿槽
A large, roughscratch or group of scratches.
一条大而粗糙的划伤或一组划伤。

Groove凹槽
A long, thin,continuous depression.
细长、连续的凹陷。
If the depression is

shallow and smooth

（浅而且光滑）,see WEAR. If the depression is rough and sharp（粗糙且有锐边）, see SCRATCH.
如果凹陷浅而且光滑，参见“磨损”的定义，如果凹陷粗糙而且有锐边，参见“划伤”的定义。

High spot
局部突出
Local distortions
局部变形
Blister（鼓包/气泡）, Buckle屈服, Bubble（鼓包/气泡）,Out-of-round（失圆）.

High metal
突起的金属
Material that isadjacent to a defect, such as a nick（刻痕/缺口） orgouge（凿槽/凿孔）, and has liftedabove the surrounding area.
靠近缺口或凿槽等缺陷并隆起于周围区域的材料。
Burr 毛刺

Imbalance失衡/不平衡
The state ofbeing out of balance. An imbalance usually causes vibrations.
指失去平衡后的状态，这种状态通常会引起振动。

Inclusion
夹杂
Is an unwantedmaterial that has become a part of the parent material. Inclusions areusually caused by alloy defects or by chemical reaction of the parentmaterial.
已成为基材一部分的有害材料，夹杂通常是因合金缺陷或基材内部发生化学反应形成的。

Indication
指示
A defect in thematerial that you can see, or a telltale 证据that you can see that implies意味that a defect exists.
材料内能够看到的缺陷，或能够看到的表示材料内存在缺陷的证据。

Looseness
松动
A component thatis not attached correctly.
零件未正确固定。
Backed-out退出, Excessive play游间过量, Backlash后退, Insufficient torque未拧紧, Shaky摇晃/动摇,Sloppy马虎/草率, Not-bottomed未到达底部的, Unpinned未上闩的, Unwired 未保险的

Misalignment
未对准/不重合/调整不当
A component thatis not installed correctly, or is made in such a way that it cannot

alignwith

协调装配 the parts around it.
部件安装不正确，或不能与其周围零件协调装配。
Eccentric偏心, Out-of-round不圆,Out-of-square不方正, Mismatched 配合不当/失谐

Nick
刻痕/缺口

A defect in a component thatpushed in with sharp corners. A nick is usually caused by the pressure of animpact with a sharp-edged object. The material is displaced, but none isusually broken off.
锐角推入零件而形成的缺陷，刻痕/缺口通常是因带锐边的物体所产生的撞击压力引起的，刻痕/缺口处的材料通常只产生位移，但没有脱落。
Chip缺口/凹口, Dent凹坑/凹痕，Notch凹口/槽口/V 字形刻痕

No apparent depth
无明显深度
This term describes asurface defect that you can see, but you can not feel it with your fingernailor the tip of a scribe point划针.
这个术语用于描述能够看到但用指甲或划针不能感觉到的表面缺陷，

Noise 噪音/噪声/杂音/不正常的声音
An unusual soundthat can include loose or misaligned components. The change that brings thenoise to your attention is usually associated with an increase in volume 音量or achange in pitch音调.
松动或未校准的部件都可能产生不正常的声音，音量增大或音调改变通常会引起你对不正常声音的注意。
Bumps撞击/碰撞, Chatters卡搭声/咯咯作响, Clicks卡嗒声/咯嚓声, Grates磨擦声, Rings 铃声, Hums嗡嗡声/吵杂声,Rattles卡嗒卡嗒声/吓吱声, Rubs磨擦声, Scraping sound刮擦声, Screech尖叫声/急煞车声, Thumps重击声/砰然声, Whistles啸叫声/口哨声/啸声

Obstruction
堵塞物/障碍物
Unwanted materialthe prevents or obstructs the flow of gas or liquid into, around, or througha component.
阻碍气体或液体流进或流过部件，或绕着部件流动的有害材料。
Clogged,堵塞/阻塞Contaminated污染, Plugged堵塞/塞住,Restricted受限制

Oil-canning
油罐
A movement thatdisplaces sheet metal that is held at its edges, like a diaphragm（膜片）. Theoil-canning is usually associated with a cyclic noise.
使周边固定的金属板（如膜片）发生位移的运动，油罐通常是由周期性噪音作用引起的。
Buckling失稳/鼓胀

Parent metal
母材/基材
The material in asingle part that does not include the weld（焊接）, braze （铜焊）filler填料, or their heat damaged zones. The

heatdamage

热损伤 zone is usually in 0.125 inch (3.175 mm) of the fusion line.
指单个零件所包含的材料，不包括焊接填料及其所产生的热损伤区域，热损区通常为0.125英寸的熔合线。

Pinched
受箍缩(的)
压[夹]紧的
收敛[缩]的
A distortion ofthe surface of the parent material that is caused by pressure.
基材表面因受压而发生的变形。

Bound被束缚的, Compressed被压缩的,扁平的, Flattened变平的扁平的, Seized卡住/失灵, Smashed（碰撞/撞击）, Squashed压扁的/挤扁的,Squeezed（挤压/夹紧）.

Pit
凹坑/麻点
A small hole thatdoes not have sharp edges. Pits are usually caused by chemical reaction ofthe parent metal of the components surface.
指无锐边的小洞，通常是因零件表面的基材发生化学反应引起的
Corrosion, Crater坑, Electrolytic cavity电解空穴, Inclusion夹杂, Perforation穿孔, Pin-hole针孔（眼）, Pock-mark 痘痕/麻点

Porous
多孔的 /疏松的
An area that isfull of pores细孔 that fluids, gas, or light can pass through. An area with manypits or pinholes.
指布满细孔，液体、气体或光可以通过的区域，有许多小洞和针眼的区域，
Pits, pinholes针眼

Rub擦伤
A surface defectthat is caused by abrasion磨擦. Rubs are usually found on surfaces thattouch as they move.
指磨擦所形成的表面缺陷，通常在运动的接触面上可发现擦伤。
Wear磨损, Scratch 刮擦/划伤

Scale
皮屑/鳞屑/皮垢
A layer ofmetallic oxide that is often found on new metal. Scale is usually formed bychemical action of oxygen while the metal is hot.
一种在新的金属上经常见到的金属氧化层，金属炽热后在氧的化学作用下通常会形成皮屑。
Mill scale
氧化皮

Scratch
划伤
A long, thin,sharp cornered impression压痕in the surface of the parent material.Scratch is usually caused as a sharp object is moved across the surface.
基材表面细长并带棱角的压痕，划痕通常是尖锐的物体划过表面时造成的。
Abrasion擦伤; 磨损/磨蚀, 剥蚀, Chafe；擦伤/ 擦破/摩擦 Furrow沟槽,Groove凹槽, Score刻痕/划痕
Seizure
卡住/咬死
A welding粘结orbinding粘合of the components that prevents movement.The welding can be caused by oxidation or heat.
阻碍运动的零件粘结或粘合，粘结可能是因氧化或受热造成的。
Bound-up被束缚的, Frozen冻结/冻住的, Pinched受箍缩/收敛[缩]的/夹扁的, Tight绷紧的/拉紧的, Wedged楔住的,Welded
Shingling
搭叠
When one blademid-span中间 shroud moves over another shroud. Shingling occurs at the shrouds of the LP turbine rotor (stages 3and 4). The LP turbine condition is caused by too little twist in the blades,or too much radial movement.

Bound-up, Wedged
Spalling
散裂
Small particlesof the metal that crack开列or flake off剥落ofthe surface. Spalling is usually found in thin layers or confined 有限的areas.
表面爆裂或剥落的金属小颗粒，通常只在薄薄的几层或狭小区域发现这种散裂
Flaking, Fretting, Galling
Unbalance 不平衡
Please seeIMBALANCE

Varnish film
釉膜
A hard surfacefilm that is made up of partially carbonized hydro-carbons, such as oil.Varnish釉子is caused when the part is heated above the break-down point分解点 of the fluid.
滑油之类的碳氢化合物部分炭化后所形成的表面硬膜，当零件被加热到高于液体的分解温度时，便会结釉。
Banded条纹, Discolored变色,Oxidized氧化, Stained玷污
Wear 磨损
The slow removal切除 of theparent material that is caused by the operation of the component.
由于零件工作而造成基材被慢慢切除的过程。
Abrasion, Attrition, Brinnelled, Chafed, Erosion, Fraying,Fretting, Friction, Galling, Glazing, Grooved, Interference, Oxidation,Rough, Rubbed, Scarfed, Scuffed, Uneven, Weak, Worn

B. Use your good judgement tofind the type of damage and an estimate of the cross-sectional area changes by a visualinspection of a specified area.

正确判断损伤的类型并通过对特定区域的目视检查来评估横截面积的变化。

NOTE:Measure the damage or the combination of damage for both the correct depth andthe correct length.

测量损伤或损伤组合的尺寸，给出准确的深度和长度。

C. In this structural repair manual, the term"damage" is defined as a cross-sectional area change or a permanentdistortion of a structural member. Use the terms that follow:

在结构修理手册中“损伤”这个术语定义为结构件的截面积改变或结构件永久变形

(1) "AllowableDamage" is defined as damage that is permitted with no other flight restrictions.

“允许损伤”定义为没有任何飞行限制的损伤。

(2) "RepairableDamage" is defined as damage that can be reworked or repaired.

“可修理损伤”定义为能够修复的损伤。

(3) "Replacement ofDamaged Parts" is defined as damage where the part must be replaced.

“更换损伤件”定义为必须更换零件的损伤。

D. You must decide what type of damage hasoccurred to a structural member or to a structural material. The definitions ofthe different types of damage that can occur to the external skin of the airplanepanels are given in the paragraphs that follow:

必须确定结构元件或结构材料所发生的损伤类型。以下是飞机外蒙皮可能发生的各种损伤类型的定义：

(1) Abrasion（磨蚀）: A damaged area that isthe result of scuffing刮擦, rubbing 磨擦, scraping刮削, or other surface erosion 冲蚀.This type of damage is usually rough and has an irregular shape.

因刮擦、磨擦、刮削或其他表面冲蚀作用而产生的损伤，这种类型的损伤通常比较粗糙且具有不规则的形状。
(2) Corrosion（腐蚀）: Damage that is theresult of a complex electro-chemical action,and gives a cross sectional area change. The depth of this damage must bedetermined by a cleanup or a removal operation. This type of damage occurs onthe surfaces, hole bores, or edges of structural elements.
由复杂的电化学作用引起，并使横截面积发生改变的损伤，损伤深度必须通过清除腐蚀产物才能最后确定，这种类型的损伤可发生在结构元件的表面、开孔或边缘部分。
（3）Crack（裂纹/裂缝）: A partial fracture断裂or a full break开裂in the material that causes a significant显著cross-sectional area change. This damage usually has an irregular line and isoften the result of fatigue in the material.
材料内的部分断裂或完全开裂，这种类型的损伤会使横截面积发生显著改变，一般为不规则的线，通常是材料疲劳的结果。
(3) Crease（摺痕/皱痕）: A damaged area that is depressed or

folded back

折叠 so that its boundaries边界 are

sharp

有棱角的or with

well-defined

清晰明确的线条linesor ridges隆起. Consider a crease to be equal to a crack.
损伤区域被压塌或折叠以至在其边界处形成棱角，或清晰明确的线条或隆起（脊），摺痕（皱痕）可看成是裂纹。

(4) Delamination（分层/层离）: A type of disbond脱胶/分离that occurs between adjacent plies of material. If an allowable damagesection or repair section does not give limits for disbonds, then use thelimits specified for delaminations.

材料的相邻层之间所发生的一种脱胶/分离，如果允许损伤截面或可修截面未给出脱胶的限制，则使用对分层所规定的限制。

(5) Dent（凹痕/凹坑）: A damaged area that is

pushed in

推入fromits contour外形with no change in the cross-sectional areaof the material. The edges of the damaged area are smooth. This damage isusually caused by a hit碰撞/撞击froma smoothly contoured object. The length of the dent is the longest distance fromone end to the other end. The width of the dent is the second longest distanceacross the dent, measured at 90 degrees to the direction of the length.
损伤区域被向里推离零件的外形轮廓，材料的横截面积未发生改变，损伤区域边缘光顺，这种损伤一般是受外形圆滑的物体撞击/碰撞所产生的，凹痕/凹坑的长度是一端到另一端的最长距离，宽度是在与长度方向成90度角的方向横跨凹痕/凹坑所测的最长距离。

NOTE: A dent-like form of damage to a panelarea with a thick skin can be the possible result of the peening action of asmoothly contoured object. If the inner surface of skin shows no contour changethen the damage can be thought of as a local cross-sectional area change.

注：受外形圆滑的物体的敲击作用可能在厚蒙皮的板面产生类似凹痕/凹坑的损伤，如果蒙皮内表面的外形轮廓没有改变，则可以认为这种损伤是一种局部的横截面积的改变。

（7） Disbond（脱胶）: Adisbond occurs when there is a separation between two or more plies of bonded粘合material. Also a disbond occurs when there is a separationbetween a bonded skin and core. A disbond does not have to occur across thefull surface. If an allowable damage section or repair section does not givelimits for disbonds, then use the limits specified for delaminations.
当粘合材料的两层或多层之间分离时，即发生脱胶，当粘合蒙皮合芯材之间分离时，也发生脱胶。脱胶并不是一定横跨整个表面发生。如果允许损伤截面或可修截面未给出脱胶的限制，则使用对分层所规定的限制。
(8) Gouge（凿槽/刨槽）: Adamaged area where the result is a cross-sectional change caused by a sharpobject and gives a continuous, sharp or smooth groove in the material.
损伤区域横截面积的改变是由锋利的物体所造成的，并在材料上形成一个尖锐或圆滑的凹槽。
（9） Hole（疵孔）: A puncture or cutout that is fully surrounded by undamagedmaterial. Other types of damage can be removed by making an oversized hole or ahole that has an irregular shape, if this hole stays in the allowable damagelimits or can be repaired with an approved procedure.
被未损伤的材料完全包围的孔或开口，如果这个孔还在允许的损伤范围内或可按批准的方法进行修理，则可以通过制作一个加大尺寸得孔或形状不规则得孔来去除其他类型的损伤。

(10) Nick（刻痕/缺口）: A localgouge with sharp edges. You can consider a series of nicks in a line pattern tobe equal to a gouge.

带锐边的局部凿槽，可以把一系呈列线性排列的缺口看成是凿槽

(11) Puncture（穿孔）: A puncture is damagethat goes fully through a part thickness and has no regular shape. For example,a puncture can occur when a part is hit by a sharp object. A repair of the damagemust be less than the allowable damage limits. Refer to the applicable chaptersin the Structural Repair Manual for the allowable damage limits and theapproved repair procedures.

贯通整个零件厚度且没有规则形状的损伤称之穿孔，比如当零件受到尖锐物体的打击时即可能发生穿孔，损伤的修理必须在允许的损伤范围内进行允许的损伤极限合批准的修理方法参见结构修理手册的相关章节。

(12) Scratch（划伤）: A line of damage in thematerial where the result is a cross-sectional area change. This damage isusually caused by contact with a very sharp object.

材料上的线性损伤，损伤处横截面积发生改变，这种损伤通常是与非常尖锐的物体接触而引起的。