民航科普｜飞机维修理念的演变史
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">事后维修阶段（1930-1950）</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">维修理念：坏了就修，不坏不修。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">这就好比一辆普通自行车，轮胎漏气或者链条掉了才拿去修，好的时候是不会去维护它。这种维修方式也叫被动维修。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">这个阶段飞机尺寸小、系统简单、基本无电子设备、部件可靠性低。一旦出现故障<span style="letter-spacing: 0.034em;text-size-adjust: 100%;">，排故时间长，维修成本也高。</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">图自：百度</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">预防为主维修阶段（1950-1970）</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">维修理念：主动维修，基于经验定期翻修/报废。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">这阶段喷气式飞机出现，系统复杂，载客量增加，急需提高系统可靠性。<span style="letter-spacing: 0.034em;text-size-adjust: 100%;">定时维修项目日益增多，预防性维修效果出现瓶颈，还可能出现过渡维修。</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">图自：</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">百度</span>
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<span style="font-size: 16px;">可靠性为主维修阶段（1970至今）</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">维修理念：对不同系统/部件制定最合适的维修方式。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 0.034em;text-size-adjust: 100%;">这阶段飞机系统、结构日趋复杂，社会对飞机系统可靠性的要求不断提搞。需要寻找系统安全裕度与经济性之间的平衡点，以不同的维修工作应对不同的系统和部件。</span>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.034em;text-size-adjust: 100%;font-size: 14px;">可靠性理论、方法和工具已全面建立。在安全的基础上，重点研究哪些系统哪些部件对运行有影响，提早干预或改进。比如每年夏季空调故障多发，通过可靠性分析，制订每年旺季之前更换一次散热器，旺季期间定期清洗散热器，降低空调故障导致的航班延误。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">定期拆下散热器清洗</span>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.476px;font-size: 16px;">预测性维修阶段（今后）</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">理念：在将发生故障前介入维修。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">飞机新机型数字化程度越来越高，基于大数据的飞机监控系统日趋完善，民航对飞机非计划停场的容忍度越来越低。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;">基于对飞机性能参数和故障数据的持续监控，预测飞机的故障发生时间，在系统性能下降到故障临界点前介入维修。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">比如采用可靠性为主维修理念时，引气系统每年都需要做引气健康检查，需要大量人力物力。而采用ECS监控引气系统，一旦引气性能下降触发温度高或引气压力低警告，即可有计划的安排适合停产时间，针对特定部件排查。还有类似发动机监控振动值偏大，即安排适合停场时间润滑叶片。即不影响安全也不影响运行，还能避免过渡维修。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">ACMS监控到引气压力低。</span>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">发动机震动值偏高安排润滑叶片</span>
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